{"id":3329,"date":"2026-01-19T10:49:31","date_gmt":"2026-01-19T10:49:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nazena.com\/?p=3329"},"modified":"2026-07-20T12:56:41","modified_gmt":"2026-07-20T10:56:41","slug":"textile-recycling-technologies-and-perspectives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nazena.com\/en\/textile-recycling-technologies-and-perspectives\/","title":{"rendered":"Textile recycling: technologies and perspectives"},"content":{"rendered":"

Why talk about textile recycling? What does it mean?<\/span>
\nIs the textile industry currently sustainable? How to make it so? What are the future perspectives?<\/span><\/p>\n

If you are looking for an answer to these questions, you are in the right place.<\/span>
\nWorld <\/span>textile production<\/b> has been <\/span>steadily increasing for decades<\/b> and is expected to increase e<\/span>ven more rapidly in the near future<\/b>.<\/span>
\nIn the past clothes were basic necessities and textile production was limited to responding to this primary need. Today they have instead become <\/span>fashion items<\/b> and as such they have <\/span>an increasingly shorter life span<\/b>. At the same time, their <\/span>material composition<\/b> is more and more <\/span>complex<\/b>: in fact, 63% of the fibers derive from petrochemical products whose production and disposal generate significant emissions of carbon dioxide. The remaining 73% is dominated by cotton, whose cultivation requires huge quantities of water and is often accompanied by the intensive use of pesticides.<\/span>
\nFabrics are then subjected to treatments such as finishing, dyeing and printing, which cause further <\/span>exploitation of natural resources<\/b> and further <\/span>CO2 and particulates emissions<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

These rhythms have now become unsustainable for our planet, and this is why it is necessary to increase <\/span>reuse practices and textile recycling technologies<\/b>, aimed not only at reducing the production of virgin fibers but also at optimizing the use of dyes and productive resources.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Raccolta<\/p>\n

Recycling in the textile industry: state of the art<\/b><\/h2>\n

According to the European Commission, every year <\/span>38% of textile products<\/b> (around 2.1 million tons) are collected separately and <\/span>destined for recycling or reuse<\/b>, while<\/span> 62%<\/b> are <\/span>disposed of with mixed waste<\/b>. A percentage that is still too low and must increase exponentially immediately before it is too late. For this reason, in 2018 <\/span>the EU<\/b> adopted a circular economy package requiring <\/span>separate collection of textiles in all Member States by 2025<\/b>. On 31 March 2022, the Commission also published the new EU strategy for the textile<\/a>, which will soon be accompanied by a set of minimum standards and criteria that aim to make textile products sustainable and circular.<\/span>
\nBut what are the recycling practices currently in place? And what are the limits to overcome?<\/span><\/p>\n

Current recycling techniques <\/b><\/h3>\n

The primary goal of textile recycling is to <\/span>transform end-of-life products into new fibrous material<\/b> that has properties similar to virgin material. <\/span>Current technologies<\/b> are able to <\/span>recover fibers<\/b> from those <\/span>textile scraps composed of a single type of filament<\/b>. However, <\/span>problems<\/b> arise when trying to work with <\/span>multi-material textiles.<\/b>
\nThe first and most immediate solution is to avoid producing this type of fabrics from a <\/span>recycling point of view<\/b>, but in the new EU strategy there is also the intention to collaborate with the industry in order to implement recycling techniques as to succeed to work also with multi-materials.<\/span>
\nSo let’s have a look at the main technologies currently used for textile recycling.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Attuali<\/p>\n

MECHANICAL RECOVERY OF FIBERS<\/b><\/h6>\n

The<\/span> fabric<\/b> is <\/span>disintegrated<\/b> to obtain <\/span>new loose fibers<\/b> for new yarns. It usually takes place through the Garnett machine that with its rotating drums and metal pins destroys the textile structure to get <\/span>shorter fibers than the originals<\/b>. For this reason, a preliminary and careful selection of the material by composition is necessary: <\/span>blends of different fibers and colors <\/b>result in a<\/span> low quality yarn<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

RE-SPINNING OR THERMAL RECYCLING<\/b><\/h6>\n

Fabrics<\/b> composed of thermoplastic fibers and fibers that can be dissolved in solvents <\/span>are melted or dissolved<\/b> to produce a solution used for <\/span>re-spinning<\/b>. Not only end-of-life fabrics, even <\/span>plastic bottles<\/b> can be recycled with this process and it is in fact a much more widespread practice than thermal recycling. This is also because, as with other recycling technologies, there are <\/span>major processing limits on multi-material fabrics<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

In any case this is a useful process to treat also natural fibers as cotton, in this case it is called <\/span>Lyocell process<\/b>. Through this virtuous technique the cellulosic material is first dissolved in NMMO-monohydrate (an organic compound) and then subjected to a water or NMMO aqueous solution centrifuge, where it coagulates and forms a new fiber. With this, an <\/span>ecological and biodegradable fabric<\/b> is created so that in certain environments it can decompose in just 8 days.<\/span><\/p>\n

FEEDSTOCK RECYCLING AND CHEMICAL RECYCLING<\/b><\/h6>\n

The <\/span>polymeric structure<\/b> of the tissue molecules is <\/span>broken into smaller pieces<\/b>, called <\/span>monomers or oligomers<\/b>. They are then <\/span>re-polymerized<\/b> and the obtained polymers reunite <\/span>into new fibers<\/b>. This process can actually be both <\/span>nonspecific with thermal processes<\/b> – such as pyrolysis, hydrocracking and glazing – and very <\/span>specific with chemical reactions <\/b>such as alcoholysis, glycolysis and hydrolysis.<\/span><\/p>\n

Compared to other recycling techniques, this offers particular advantages: <\/span>pyrolysis<\/b>, for example, can be used <\/span>with multi-material textile<\/b> or with a mixture of different textiles without a preliminary selection.<\/span>
\nHowever, these are processes that are <\/span>potentially not very ecological or very difficult<\/b> to manage.<\/span><\/p>\n

In this sense, the <\/span>emerging biochemical processes<\/b>, such as <\/span>enzymatic recycling<\/b>, are of particular interest. <\/span>Cellulase enzymes,<\/b> for example, can be used in the treatment of <\/span>cellulose-based textiles<\/b> (cotton, viscose, lyocell) as <\/span>biocatalysts<\/b> to accelerate chemical reactions and <\/span>break down fiber polymers faster.<\/b>
\nThere are already <\/span>some attempts<\/b> to have <\/span>multi-material tissues<\/b> undergo <\/span>biochemical processes<\/b> through the use of other types of enzymes, but they are <\/span>still being tested<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Tecniche<\/p>\n

However, the categorization of the <\/span>techniques<\/b> illustrated so far has to be taken very carefully: <\/span>in most cases<\/b> not only are none of these used, but rather they are <\/span>mixed together<\/b>.<\/span>
\nFor example, the thermal recycling referred to the conversion by melting of pellets or PET into fibers is actually carried out on materials treated first of all by mechanical means, therefore it is more precise to speak of thermomechanical recycling.<\/span><\/p>\n

OTHER FORMS OF RECYCLING<\/b><\/h6>\n

As already pointed out several times, the biggest limitation of these technologies is the treatment of <\/span>multi-material fabrics<\/b>. While there are promising new technologies capable of separating the most common blend of cotton and polyester, currently the <\/span>only truly environmentally friendly methods that can overcome this limitation<\/b> are <\/span>composting<\/b> and <\/span>vermicomposting<\/b>. These two processes do not give life to a new textile material but are nevertheless noteworthy because they eliminate waste by giving waste a new function.<\/span>
\nWith <\/span>composting<\/b>, different types of fungi and bacteria are used to <\/span>break down organic waste into a very nutrient-rich fertilizer<\/b>. With <\/span>vermicomposting<\/b>, this <\/span>process<\/b> is <\/span>accelerated by adding living creatures<\/b> such as earthworms. The fertilizers obtained from both these processes will not generate new fibers but can close the circle by feeding the land dedicated to cotton production.<\/span><\/p>\n

Another valid operation that does not require the use of any technology is the <\/span>reduction of textile waste to mops<\/b> for cleaning and drying. Obviously, only fabrics with high water absorption capacity can be recycled in this way, and it is a practice that only partially meets the sustainability needs of the textile industry, anyway iit is a simple and effective process to take into account.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Altre<\/p>\n

Conclusions<\/b><\/h5>\n

Textile recycling<\/b> is ultimately <\/span>still too little widespread<\/b>, albeit increasingly investigated and tested in its various forms. In fact, <\/span>in the EU only 1% of waste becomes new fabric<\/b>. It is true, however, that the differences between countries are substantial, even between geographically neighboring countries. In Germany, for example, 75% of textile waste is already collected separately, which is a much higher rate than the European average 38%.<\/span><\/p>\n

However, the <\/span>mobilization of the institutions<\/b>, especially the EU bodies, <\/span>seems promising<\/b>: with the introduction of new rules for the textile industry in the second half of 2022, we are confident in a strong ecological boost. After all, the goal is to make <\/span>all EU textile products sustainable and circular by 2030<\/b>.<\/b><\/p>\n

Recycling techniques exist, as well as useful innovative ideas. The fundamental step is now to give the chance to develop and implement them through <\/span>incentives and investments for Research<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Meanwhile, <\/span>reuse practices are spreading<\/b>: rental, second-hand shops and e-commerce, flea markets, charities and clothing bookstores are all booming businesses.<\/span><\/p>\n

Moreover, a <\/span>very important habit<\/b> that is too neglected and needs to be urgently resumed is <\/span>repair.<\/b> This is, in fact, the first step towards a <\/span>radical change of paradigm<\/b>: returning to conceiving <\/span>textiles as durable products<\/b> and not as disposable products of fast fashion. <\/span>It is essential to raise awareness: information on products and their environmental impact, labels and transparency are indispensable means to educate consumers <\/span>to buy only what they need<\/b> and to make more sustainable choices.<\/span><\/p>\n

Changing a habit is never easy, but often the mistakes of the past seem obvious to us. Let’s become aware of it right now, let’s make fast fashion our past right away.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do you want to study the EU disciplines relating to the textile sector in depth? <\/span>
\nRead also: Sustainable textile: the new EU strategy<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

REFERENCES:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Textile recycling processes, state of the art and current developments: A mini review <\/strong><\/a>
\nBenjamin Piribauer and Andreas Bartl<\/em>
\nWaste Management & Research
\n2019, Vol. 37(2)<\/p>\n

Circular economy indicators for organizations considering sustainability and business models: Plastic, textile and electro- electronic cases<\/strong><\/a>
\nEfigenia Rossi, Ana Carolina Bertassini, Camila dos Santos Ferreira, Weber Antonio Neves do Amaral, Aldo Roberto Ometto<\/em>
\nJournal of Cleaner Production 247 (2020) 119137<\/p>\n

Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling – A review<\/strong><\/a>
\nGustav Sandin, Greg M. Peters<\/em>
\nJournal of Cleaner Production 184 (2018) 353e365<\/p>\n

Environmental impact of the textile and clothing industry – <\/strong>What consumers need to know<\/strong><\/a>
\nEPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service
\nNikolina \u0160ajn<\/em>, Members’ Research Service, PE 633.143 \u2013 January 2019<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Why talk about textile recycling? What does it mean? Is the textile industry currently sustainable? How to make it so? What are the future perspectives? If you are looking for an answer to these questions, you are in the right place. 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